What are chilblains?

Chilblains, also known medically as pernio or perniosis, are a cold-induced condition that affects the small blood vessels in the skin. Though not typically life-threatening, chilblains can be painful and uncomfortable, especially in colder climates or among those with poor circulation.

Chilblains are inflammatory skin lesions that develop in response to repeated exposure to cold and damp conditions. They occur when the skin is exposed to cold temperatures and then warmed too quickly, causing blood vessels to expand too rapidly. This sudden change can result in leakage of blood into surrounding tissues, triggering redness, swelling, and irritation.

Causes and Risk Factors

Several factors contribute to the development of chilblains:

Cold and damp weather: Especially during winter or in climates with high humidity.
Poor circulation: Individuals with circulatory disorders are more vulnerable.
Rapid warming after cold exposure: For example, placing cold hands near a heater.
Underlying health conditions: Such as Raynaud’s phenomenon, lupus, or other autoimmune diseases.
Lifestyle factors: Smoking, inadequate clothing, or being sedentary can increase risk.

Symptoms of Chilblains

Chilblains typically affect extremities like fingers, toes, ears, and nose. Common symptoms include:

Red or purple patches on the skin
Itching, burning, or stinging sensations
Swelling and tenderness
Dryness, blistering, or ulceration in severe cases

They usually appear within hours of cold exposure and can persist for several days or even weeks.

Prevention and Treatment

Preventing chilblains is largely about protecting the body from extreme temperature changes:

Stay warm: Wear layered clothing, gloves, and warm footwear during cold weather.
Avoid sudden temperature changes: Gradually warm cold skin rather than applying intense heat.
Exercise regularly: Improves circulation and reduces risk.
Use moisturisers: Keeps skin hydrated and resilient.

For treatment:

Topical corticosteroids may reduce inflammation.
Warm compresses can ease discomfort.
In persistent or severe cases, medications like nifedipine may be prescribed to improve blood flow.

Global Impact and Awareness

While chilblains are more common in colder climates, they can occur anywhere and affect individuals of all ages. Increased public awareness, especially among populations vulnerable to cold exposure (like outdoor workers or elderly individuals), is key to early identification and prevention.